Papers with large-scale LLMs
GEAR: Augmenting Language Models with Generalizable and Efficient Tool Resolution (2024.eacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on Augmented Language Models (LLMs) over-rely on task-specific demonstrations that limits their generalizability and computational cost. |
| Approach: | They propose a query-tool grounding algorithm that is generalizable to various tasks . they delegate tool grounding and execution to small language models and LLMs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm outperforms baselines on 14 datasets and shows it can be generalized to different tasks. |
ProRank: Prompt Warmup via Reinforcement Learning for Small Language Models Reranking (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in document reranking tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage training approach for document reranking using reinforcement learning and fine-grained score learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms open-source and proprietary reranking models on BEIR benchmark. |
DACIP-RC: Domain Adaptive Continual Instruction Pre-Training via Reading Comprehension on Business Conversations (2025.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used in real-world industrial scenarios for various natural language processing tasks, but their high inference cost makes their deployment impractical, necessitating the use of smaller models. |
| Approach: | They propose a continual pre-training technique that generates diverse task instructions and responses via reading comprehension on conversation transcripts, enabling better instruction generalization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed technique improves small LLMs’ domain adaptability for business conversational tasks, compared with traditional methods that rely on next-token prediction. |
CMB: A Comprehensive Medical Benchmark in Chinese (2024.naacl-long)
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Xidong Wang, Guiming Chen, Song Dingjie, Zhang Zhiyi, Zhihong Chen, Qingying Xiao, Junying Chen, Feng Jiang, Jianquan Li, Xiang Wan, Benyou Wang, Haizhou Li
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a great breakthrough in medicine, says a new study . existing studies on LLMs leverage subjective evaluation, but evaluation in medicine is professional . |
| Approach: | They propose a localized medical benchmark in Chinese rooted in native Chinese . they propose to use traditional Chinese medicine to evaluate large-scale LLMs . |
| Outcome: | a new benchmark is developed to evaluate large-scale LLMs in china . the proposed model is rooted in the native Chinese linguistic and cultural framework . |
Measuring What Matters: Evaluating Ensemble LLMs with Label Refinement in Inductive Coding (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are prone to inconsistencies and individual biases, limiting their reliability. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that combines ensemble methods with code refinement methodology to address these challenges. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms large language models and LLMs with a low-rank averaging and a moderator-based mechanism to simulate human consensus. |
Prompt-R1: Collaborative Automatic Prompting Framework via End-to-end Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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Wenjin Liu, Haoran Luo, Xueyuan Lin, Haoming Liu, Tiesunlong Shen, Jiapu Wang, Rui Mao, Erik Cambria
| Challenge: | Existing large language models are limited in understanding, reasoning, calculation, and generation, limiting their performance in complex reasoning and dynamic tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play framework that integrates a small-scale LLM (as agent) with large-scale large-level LLMs (a as environment) they propose generating prompts that are used to interact with LLM, and a double constraint reward that optimizes correctness and quality of generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly outperforms baseline large-scale large-language models across various tasks. |
Reinforced Query Reasoners for Reasoning-intensive Retrieval Tasks (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for retrieval of information excel at textual and semantic matching but struggle in reasoning-intensive retrieval tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a family of small-scale language models for query reasoning and rewriting in reasoning-intensive retrieval. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on a BRIGHT benchmark with BM25 retrievers. |
PLAN-TUNING: Post-Training Language Models to Learn Step-by-Step Planning for Complex Problem Solving (2025.emnlp-main)
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Mihir Parmar, Palash Goyal, Xin Liu, Yiwen Song, Mingyang Ling, Chitta Baral, Hamid Palangi, Tomas Pfister
| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that decomposing complex problems into simple subtasks has significantly boosted the performance of large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a unified post-training framework that distills synthetic task decompositions and fine-tunes smaller LLMs via supervised and reinforcement-learning objectives to improve complex reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms strong baselines on GSM8k and MATH benchmarks and shows that it can improve generalization capabilities on out-of-domain datasets. |
Fine-Grained Detection of Context-Grounded Hallucinations Using LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing representations of hallucinations limit the types of errors that can be expressed, so we propose a new representation based on free-form textual descriptions, capturing the full range of possible errors. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for localizing hallucinations using LLMs with a human annotation of over 1,000 examples and a protocol to verify its quality in a humans evaluation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed representation captures the full range of possible errors, and the best model achieves an F1 score of 0.67. |